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Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a landfill), is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as reclamation ground or land fill. In a number of other jurisdictions, including parts of the United States,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=American Society for Mining and Reclamation )〕 the term "reclamation" can refer to returning disturbed lands to an improved state. In Alberta, Canada, for example, reclamation is defined by the provincial government as "The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses." In Oceania it is frequently referred to as land rehabilitation. == Methods == Land reclamation can be achieved with a number of different methods. The most simple method involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. The process is called "infilling" and the material used to fill the space is generically called "infill". Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to reclaim land for agricultural use. Deep cement mixing is used typically in situation in which the material displaced by either dredging or draining may be contaminated and hence needs to be contained. == Habitation == The creation of new land was for the need of human activities. Notable examples include: * Large parts of the Netherlands * Much of the coastlines of Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea and South Korea. It is estimated that nearly 65% of tidal flats around the Yellow Sea have been reclaimed.〔Murray N. J., Clemens R. S., Phinn S. R., Possingham H. P. & Fuller R. A. (2014) Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12, 267–72. 〕 *Inland lowlands in the Yangzi valley, China, including the areas of important cities like Shanghai and Wuhan.〔Brian Lander. State Management of River Dikes in Early China: New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region . T'oung Pao 100.4-5 (2014): 325–362; Mira Mihelich, “Polders and Politics of Land Reclamation in Southeast China during the Northern Sung” (Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell Univ., 1979); Peter Perdue, Exhausting the Earth: State and Peasant in Hunan 1500–1850 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Council on East Asian Studies, 1987); Mei Li 梅莉, Zhang Guoxiong 張國雄, and Yan Changgui 晏昌貴, Lianghu pingyuan kaifa tanyuan 兩湖平原開發探源 (Nanchang: Jiangxi jiaoyu chubanshe, 1995); Shiba Yoshinobu, “Environment versus Water Control: The Case of the Southern Hangzhou Bay Area from the Mid-Tang Through the Qing,” in Sediments of Time: Environment and Society in Chinese History, ed. Mark Elvin and Ts’ui-jung Liu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 135–64〕 * Large parts of Rio de Janeiro, most notably several blocks in the new docks area, the entire Flamengo Park and the neighborhood of Urca * Parts of Dublin, Ireland * Most of Belfast Harbour and areas of Belfast, Northern Ireland * Parts of Saint Petersburg, Russia, such as the Marine Facade * Parts of New Orleans (which is partially built on land that was once swamp) * Parts of Montevideo, Uruguay, Rambla Sur and several projects still going on in Montevideo's Bay. * Much of the urbanized area adjacent to San Francisco Bay, including most of San Francisco's waterfront and Financial District, the Port of Oakland, and large portions of the city of Alameda has been reclaimed from the bay. * A part of the Hamad International Airport in Qatar, around . * The entire island of The Pearl-Qatar situated in West Bay (Doha), Qatar. * Mexico City (which is situated at the former site of Lake Texcoco) * Parts of Panama City urban and street development are based on reclaimed land, using material extracted from Panama Canal excavations. * Helsinki (of which the major part of the city center is built on reclaimed land) * The Foreshore in Cape Town * The Chicago shoreline * The Northwestern University Lakefill, part of the campus of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois * The Hassan II Mosque in Morocco is built on reclaimed land. * Barceloneta area, Barcelona, in Spain * Back Bay, Boston, Massachusetts * Battery Park City, Manhattan * Liberty State Park, Jersey City * The port of Zeebrugge in Belgium * The southwestern residential area in Brest, Belarus * The Toronto Islands, Leslie Street Spit, and the waterfront in Toronto * Part of Nuns' Island and all of Île Notre-Dame in Montreal * Most of Fontvieille, Monaco * Parts surrounding Port Hercules in La Condamine, Monaco * The airport peninsula, the industrial area of Cornigliano, the PSA container terminal and other parts of the port in Genoa, Italy * The Fens in East Anglia * Haikou Bay, Hainan Province, China, where the west side of Haidian Island is being extended, and off the coast of Haikou City, where new land for a marina is being created * The Cotai Strip in Macau, where most of the major casinos are located * Nagoya Centrair Airport, Japan * Incheon International Airport, Korea * Beirut Central District, Lebanon * Major parts of the city of Mumbai, India * The southern Chinese city of Shenzhen * The shore of Manila Bay in the Philippines, especially along Metro Manila, has attracted major developments such as the Mall of Asia Complex, Entertainment City and the Cultural Centre of the Philippines Complex. * The city-state of Singapore, where land is in short supply, is also famous for its efforts on land reclamation. *The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates *The Cinta Costera, in Panama City, Panama *The Yas Island in Abu Dhabi, UAE. *The Eko Atlantic in Lagos, Nigeria. *The Potter's Cay in Nassau, The Bahamas was connected to the island of New Providence *The shore of Nassau, The Bahamas especially along East Bay street. * Hulhumalé Island, Maldives. It is one of the six divisions of Malé City. One of the earliest large scale projects was the Beemster Polder in the Netherlands, realized in 1612 adding of land. In Hong Kong the Praya Reclamation Scheme added of land in 1890 during the second phase of construction. It was one of the most ambitious projects ever taken during the Colonial Hong Kong era.〔Bard, Solomon. () (2002). Voices from the Past: Hong Kong 1842–1918. HK University press. ISBN 962-209-574-7〕 Some 20% of land in the Tokyo Bay area has been reclaimed, most notably Odaiba artificial island. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Land reclamation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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